How to Reference in Turabian

The information in this style guide is taken from:

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. 9th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018.

Available as a reference book through the AC Library.

For further information about how to reference in Turabian, check out the Citation Quick Guide from the Turabian website.

General Notes

• The bibliography should be sorted in alphabetical order by surname. References that do not include an author should be sorted by the first letter of the title.
• Any designations such as Dr, Professor, Mrs, or academic qualifications etc., are omitted from your citation of the author
• i.e. Grey, Jacqueline, not Grey, Dr Jacqueline
• Title of the book is italicised
• e.g. Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible
• The title of the book retains the original spelling
• e.g. for the book, What Color is Your Parachute?: Guide to Job-Hunting Online, the spelling of 'colour' should not be altered to the Australian spelling
•  Each word in the title of the book should be capitalised, except for the articles, prepositions and coordinating conjunctions
• For example, the words: ‘the’, ‘and’, ‘for’, ‘but’, ‘or’, ‘it’, ‘a’, ‘is’, etc., are not capitalised within the title unless it is the first word of the title.
• e.g. Reckoning with the Past: Historical Essays on American Evangelicalism from the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals
• Footnotes can include more than one reference within the same footnote. Placing footnotes side by side can be confusing (e.g. ¹² could be 1 and 2, or 12) or distracting (e.g. if you want to cite five sources^{16,17,18,19,20,21}). Instead, you can incorporate the references into the same footnote, separated by a semi-colon (;), e.g. 

¹Grey, Them, Us & Me, 172; Greenberger, Networks for Research and Education, 35; Konz, "The Even Greater Commission," 338.

• Do not include ISBN numbers, postcodes or copyright symbols etc.
  

Differences Between Footnotes and Bibliography

Note the differences in the examples given below.

1. The author's name is in a different order.
2. The facts of publication (place, publisher and date) ARE put in parentheses or brackets in the footnotes, but NOT in the bibliography.
3. The footnotes use commas while the bibliography uses full stops.
4. In the footnotes, you must include the page number where you found the information in that resource. By contrast, the only time page numbers appear in a bibliography is for a journal article or a book chapter (see instructions in this manual).

In the footnote

Jacqueline Grey, Them, Us and Me: How the Old Testament Speaks to People Today (Sydney, NSW: APPS & SCD Press, 2007), 45.

In the bibliography

The information below is quoted from: 

Barbeau, Elise. 2018. "What's New in Turabian 9th Edition." EasyBib, June 21, 2018. Accessed 16 June, 2020. https://www.easybib.com/guides/whats-new-in-turabian-9th-edition/

Changes in Author-Date Style

The publication year can now be repeated in some types of citations. 

The year can now be repeated in citations that include the publication month and day.

Jennings, Ralph. 2018. “Taiwan’s Once Mighty High-Tech Sector Is Falling Behind Because of Low Pay.” Forbes, February 15, 2018. Accessed April 23, 2018. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2017/04/23/taiwans-once-mighty-high-tech-sector-is-falling-behind-because-of-low-pay/#69ad9e867b43

Changes in Notes-Bibliography Style

The treatment of a title in website citations now depends on the website.

If the website has a print counterpart, such as the website for a newspaper, the title should be in italics. If it does not, it should not be in italics.

Examples:

• The New York Times
• Gizmodo

Use of “ibid.” is no longer encouraged.

Ibid is the abbreviated version of the Latin word ibidem, meaning “in the same place.” Previously, if you used the same source two times or more in a note, you could use ibid instead of re-listing the same information.

Now, according to the new 9th edition, you should include a shortened footnote citation. To avoid repetition, the title of a work that has just been cited may be left out.

1. Middlekauff, Glorious Revolution, 401–2.
2. Middlekauff, 433.
3. Jacobs, Women in Africa, 37–38.
4. Jacobs, 201–2.

Using Footnotes

It is highly recommended that you utilise the automatic footnoting function in Word, rather than trying to manually create footnotes. 

NOTE: Footnotes can include more than one reference within the same footnote. Placing footnotes side by side can be confusing (e.g. ¹² could be 1 and 2, or 12) or distracting (e.g. if you want to cite five sources^{16,17,18,19,20,21}). Instead, you can incorporate the references into the same footnote, separated by a semi-colon (;), e.g. 

Inserting Footnotes in Word

There are tools in your Word processing software to make footnoting easier. 

In Microsoft Word:

1. Place your cursor where you want the footnote to go (usually, this will be at the end of the sentence).
2. Click on "Insert" in the Toolbar menu.
3. Scroll down to "Footnote..." and click "Insert."
4. Follow the instructions provided in this manual to enter the correct bibliographical references.

You will then find that a superscript number has been inserted in your text, and that you can write in the footer of your document the citation details. 

Alternatively, click on the "References" tab and select "Insert Footnote".

This tool is very easy to use. Another feature of this tool is that if you cut and paste a sentence within your paper which has a footnote citation, it will automatically cut the footnote and paste it in the footer with the sentence. It will even re-order the superscript numbers for you and put the citation in the correct placement in the footer. 

To make referencing even easier, we highly recommend the use of referencing programs such as Zotero (instructions in the next section). Using this tool, you only need to insert all the correct information and it will generate the references correctly for you. View the next section How to Use Zotero for more instructions.

Zotero

See this helpful article: What is Zotero?

An additional research tool is known as Zotero. Zotero is a free tool that helps you to collect, organise and cite your research sources. 

With the Word plugin, it is easy to keep track of all the resources you have used and format your footnotes and bibliography. 

How to Add a Citation Using Zotero

   1. First, select the correct "Item Type". In the example below, this is Thesis (see How to Reference Unpublished Material). The different item types will show different fields to fill in.

   2. Then, add the relevant data into the required fields. 

   3. Then, using the Microsoft Word Zotero Plugin, which links Word with your Zotero account, you can easily find and insert the relevant footnote by clicking on the Zotero tab and selecting "Add/Edit Citation"

Tip: After selecting the highlighted resource, simply type in a number (e.g. 65) and it will automatically be inserted as the page number. Alternatively, selected the down arrow next to the Zotero "Z" symbol for additional options, such as prefix, suffix or page number.

Further Recommendations

• You can set up a keyboard shortcut to insert/edit Zotero footnotes: https://www.zotero.org/support/word_processor_plugin_shortcuts
• Most of the online journals that AC provides access to also have an automatic export function that will draw across the bibliographic details directly into Zotero.

For example, in the menu options on EBSCOHost, clicking on "Export" opens the option of "Direct Export in RIS Format (e.g. ...Zotero)."

Zotero: Helpful Links

• Zotero. https://www.zotero.org/ [accessed 9 June 2020].
  
• "Frequently Asked Questions." Zotero. https://www.zotero.org/support/frequently_asked_questions [accessed 9 June 2020].
• "Quick Links." Zotero. https://www.zotero.org/support/ [accessed 9 June 2020].
• "Word Processor Plugins." Zotero. https://www.zotero.org/support/word_processor_integration [accessed 9 June 2020].

Referencing the Bible

i. In the footnotes

The first time you use a translation, include a footnote that gives the translation's formal name, including all the typical bibliographical details. If you are relying on one particular translation, you can make a note of this. If you do cite additional translations, the first instance of using that translation would require a similar footnote.

ii. In the text

When referring to a Bible verse, it is usually not necessary to quote the whole verse. By giving the Scripture reference and translation, the reader can look up the verse if necessary. 

The Scripture reference can be in-text in parentheses or brackets, e.g.

As a sacred text, the biblical translation does not need to be included in the bibliography.

Additional Information

• When referring to a book in the main text, it should not be in italics or underlined, e.g.

• When referencing different verses from the same book, you don't need to repeat the book's name if the previous reference was from the same book.

Abbreviations of the Books of the Bible

Referencing Books

For books, the full reference must include the following information in the order shown: 

• Name of author(s);
• Title and (if any) subtitle - in italics; 
• Name of editor, compiler or translator (if any);
• Number of edition, other than the first; 
• Place of Publication;
• Name of Publisher;
• Date of Publication;
• Page numbers - only in footnotes.

Books with one to three authors

The most common reference you will cite is a book with one to three authors. 

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

Books with more than three authors

If the work has more than three authors it is normal to cite the first author, and to follow it with the Latin term ‘et al.’ (meaning “and others”). 

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

Books with author and editor/translator

If the book has an author as well as an editor/s or translator, you need to indicate this with the abbreviation “ed.” or "trans."

(NOTE: This is different from a chapter in an edited volume. See section: Chapter in an Edited Volume)

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

How to Cite a Chapter in a Book

When a book is a collection of essays or chapters, written by different authors and compiled by an editor or editors, reference it is as follows. 

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

How to Cite the whole Edited Volume

List the editor(s) first.

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

Referencing a Dictionary or Encyclopaedia

Dictionary and encyclopaedia articles can either be signed or unsigned, and are generally treated the same as citing chapters in a book. 

ii. If no author's name is given

iii. In the bibliography

NOTE: If a dictionary or encyclopaedia entry is unsigned, it is sorted in the bibliography alphabetically by the first letter of the article title.

Referencing eBooks

Many of us now prefer to read via electronic readers, such as ProQuest eBooks or Kindles. When citing these sources the general principles noted in other sections apply. In addition, for books consulted online, you should include a URL or the name of the database, and for other types of e-books, give the format. Where there are no fixed page numbers available, give the section title, chapter or other numbers in the footnotes.

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

Referencing Journal Articles

For journals, the full reference should include the following information in the order shown, following similar principles to the  

• Name of author(s);
• Title of the article - in "inverted commas";
• Title of the periodical or journal - in italics; 
• Volume and issue numbers;
• Date of publication - in (brackets); 
• Page numbers.
  

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

Referencing Websites

Today there are a lot more references available online. BE CAREFUL which websites you choose to reference. Make sure it is a credible source. Do NOT reference Wikipedia, as the content on the site can be edited by anyone so there is no guarantee about the credibility of the information.

When citing these sources the general principles noted above apply. NOTE: You also need to include the URL and, if the source does not list the date of publication or date last modified, include the date you accessed the website (this helps to show when the site was active).

• Name of author(s) (if given);
• Title and (if any) subtitle - in "inverted commas";
• Name of website or site owner - only in italics if there is an associated print version, e.g. The New York Times, but Gizmodo;
• Date of publication or revision (if given) OR date of access (if undated);
• URL.

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

Referencing Unpublished Material

You will sometimes need to reference material that hasn't been published, such as papers presented at conferences or personal communications, such as interviews. 

NOTE: Personal communications usually only need to be cited in the text or in a footnote only and are rarely included in a bibliography.

i. First citation in the footnotes

iii. In the bibliography

Referencing Theses/Dissertations

A few of our databases will include results for Masters or PhD theses. These are almost always cutting-edge work, but be aware that they are not peer-reviewed, so you should check whether the author has published their work.

For example, you may come across:

However, Hovey has since published his thesis into a book, and so represents the more current form of his research on the topic:

Furthermore, be aware that not all theses are of similarly high quality, so be judicious in how you use them.

i. First citation in the footnotes

Referencing Lecture Notes

It is usually preferable that students take what they have heard and learned in class and find the information in published, peer-reviewed sources. However, sometimes there is occasion to reference lecture notes. As these are classified as "Unpublished," you can use a similar format to other unpublished material. Below are examples of lecture notes from online classes (Grant Buchanan example) and face-to-face (Dean O'Keefe example).

i. First citation in the footnotes

Referencing Past Essays

In some rare occasions, you may find that you need to quote something that you have written previously in an essay, particularly in VET-level studies. In these instances, you are still required to reference the quotation as you would another resource. 

Note, however, that in cases where you have a minimum number of required references for the bibliography, this will not count as a resource.

i. First citation in the footnotes

Referencing Films

Occasionally you may want to reference a film, for subjects such as Theology and Film or Cultural Hermeneutics. The way to do this is as follows: 

• Name of film - in italics;
• Directed by First Name Last Name;
• Studio;
  
• Year of release; 
• Medium - include the URL or database name if online.

i. First citation in the footnotes

ii. Subsequent citations

iii. In the bibliography

Referencing Youtube

Occasionally you may need to reference a clip you watched on Youtube. 

• Name of channel - NOTE: only in italics if it has a print counterpart, e.g. Wall Street Journal, but Alphacrucis College;
• Title of video - in "inverted commas";
• Date of publishing;
  
• Video
• Length of video
• Short URL.

NOTE: The name of the channel should be as it appears on Youtube, not according to standard capitalisation and grammar rules, so if it is in all lowercase or several words running together, write it as it appears (e.g. NoCAT NoLiFE)

i. First citation in the footnotes

Alphacrucis College, “Preaching in an Online World,” May 18, 2020, video, 50:42, https://youtu.be/yWrM-X50RsU.

ii. Subsequent citations are shortened

iii. In the bibliography

Referencing Class Lectures

Occasionally you may want to reference your class lecture. The way to do this is as follows: 

• Name of lecturer;
• Title of lecture (in quotation marks);
• Course code and name;
• Name of College;
• Location (if face to face class);
• Date of class lecture;
• URL (if online class recording).

i. First citation in the footnotes

Buchanan, Grant. "Humanity and Sin." THE101: Christian Worldview. Moodle site at Alphacrucis College, March 14, 2020, https://echo360.net.au/media/d6fa0adf-122d-4db8-ba78-9592b7b7a5b5/public

Referencing an Author Cited in a Secondary Text

You may want to insert a quote or summarise the view of a particular scholar found in a text not written by that particular person. 

For example, you might come across Frank Macchia quoted in David Perry's book, Spirit Baptism: The Pentecostal Experience in Theological Focus, and may want to keep Macchia's quote, which reads, "The Spirit liberates creation from within history toward new possibilities for free, eschatological existence."

It is recommended that you try to locate the original source, but if it is unavailable, both the original and secondary source must be listed. Distinguish the secondary text (the resource you are using) from the original source (that is being quoted) with the phrase "quoted in". 

i. First citation in the footnotes

This refers to the first time either the secondary or the original source is referenced.

ii. Subsequent citations in the footnotes are shortened

Perry, David. Spirit Baptism: The Pentecostal Experience in Theological Focus. Leiden: Brill, 2017.

An Example Bibliography: 

A bibliography is the final list of all the sources referred to in your essay. As a rule of thumb, for a 2000-word essay, you should have at least 10 references in the bibliography (i.e. approx 1 reference per 200 words of assignment word count). 

Some Important Information

• You should only list sources that you have referenced in the essay, not ones that you looked at but didn't use.
• The information is ordered in alphabetical order by surname (or title if there is no author). 
• No page numbers are required, except for journal articles or separately authored chapters within an edited book (see Chapter in an Edited Volume and How to Reference Journal Articles).
• The resources do not need to be sorted according to type.
• Do not use bullet points (either numbers or dots).
• The bibliography should begin on a separate page at the end of the essay and have the heading "Bibliography"

Bibliography

Grey, Jacqueline. Them, Us and Me: How the Old Testament Speaks to People Today. Sydney, NSW: APPS & SCD Press, 2007. 

Hovey, Kevin G. "Guiding Light: Contributions of Alan R. Tippett Toward the Development and Dissemination of Twentieth-Century Missiology." PhD diss., Alphacrucis College, Sydney, 2017.

Hovey, Kevin G. Guiding Light: Contributions of Alan R. Tippett Toward the Development and Dissemination of Twentieth-Century Missiology. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2019.

Hutchinson, Mark and K. Handley. A Humane Reckoning: From Accounting to Accountability at Macquarie, 1964-2014. North Ryde: Editorial Collective, 2014. 

Jesus of Montreal. Directed by Denys Arcand. Centre National de la Cinématographie (CNC), 1989. DVD.

Kidson, Lyn M. "Fasting, Bodily Care, and the Widows of 1 Timothy 5:3–15." Early Christianity 11 (2020), 1-15.

Konz, DJ. "The Even Greater Commission: Relating the Great Commission to the Missio Dei, and Human Agency to Divine Activity, in Mission." Missiology: An International Review 46, no. 4 (2018): 333-349.

Pannenberg, Wolfhart. Basic Questions in Theology: Volume One. Translated by George H. Kelm. London: SCM, 1970. 

Perry, David. Spirit Baptism: The Pentecostal Experience in Theological Focus. Leiden: Brill, 2017.

Service, Jacqueline. "The Australian Election: A Moment or a Movement?" Tear Australia. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://www.tear.org.au/get-involved/advocacy/australian-aid/the-australian-election-a-moment-or-a-movement

Thornton, Daniel. "What On Earth Are We Singing? 2019 Report Gives Snapshot." Eternity. January 20, 2020. https://www.eternitynews.com.au/culture/what-on-earth-are-we-singing-2019-report-gives-snapshot/